1．获取当前配置参数

要优化配置参数，首先要了解当前的配置参数以及运行情况。使用下列命令可以获得目前服务器使用的配置参数：

mysqld –verbose –help

mysqladmin variables extended-status –u root –p

在MySQL控制台里面，运行下列命令可以获取状态变量的值：

mysql> SHOW STATUS;

如果只要检查某几个状态变量，可以使用下列命令：

mysql> SHOW STATUS LIKE ‘[匹配模式]’; ( 可以使用%、?等 )

2．优化参数

参数优化基于一个前提，就是在我们的数据库中通常都使用InnoDB表，而不使用MyISAM表。在优化MySQL时，有两个配置参数是最重要的，即table_cache和key_buffer_size。

table_cache

table_cache指定表高速缓存的大小。每当MySQL访问一个表时，如果在表缓冲区中还有空间，该表就被打开并放入其中，这样可以更快地访问表内容。通过检查峰值时间的状态值Open_tables和Opened_tables，可以决定是否需要增加table_cache的值。如果你发现open_tables等于table_cache，并且opened_tables在不断增长，那么你就需要增加table_cache的值了（上述状态值可以使用SHOW STATUS LIKE ‘Open%tables’获得）。注意，不能盲目地把table_cache设置成很大的值。如果设置得太高，可能会造成文件描述符不足，从而造成性能不稳定或者连接失败。

对于有1G内存的机器，推荐值是128－256。

案例1：该案例来自一个不是特别繁忙的服务器

table_cache – 512

open_tables – 103

opened_tables – 1273

uptime – 4021421 (measured in seconds)

该案例中table_cache似乎设置得太高了。在峰值时间，打开表的数目比table_cache要少得多。

案例2：该案例来自一台开发服务器。

table_cache – 64

open_tables – 64

opened-tables – 431

uptime – 1662790 (measured in seconds)

虽然open_tables已经等于table_cache，但是相对于服务器运行时间来说，opened_tables的值也非常低。因此，增加table_cache的值应该用处不大。

案例3：该案例来自一个upderperforming的服务器

table_cache – 64

open_tables – 64

opened_tables – 22423

uptime – 19538

该案例中table_cache设置得太低了。虽然运行时间不到6小时，open_tables达到了最大值，opened_tables的值也非常高。这样就需要增加table_cache的值。

key_buffer_size

key_buffer_size指定索引缓冲区的大小，它决定索引处理的速度，尤其是索引读的速度。通过检查状态值Key_read_requests和Key_reads，可以知道key_buffer_size设置是否合理。比例key_reads / key_read_requests应该尽可能的低，至少是1:100，1:1000更好（上述状态值可以使用SHOW STATUS LIKE ‘key_read%’获得）。

key_buffer_size只对MyISAM表起作用。即使你不使用MyISAM表，但是内部的临时磁盘表是MyISAM表，也要使用该值。可以使用检查状态值created_tmp_disk_tables得知详情。

对于1G内存的机器，如果不使用MyISAM表，推荐值是16M（8-64M）。

案例1：健康状况

key_buffer_size – 402649088 (384M)

key_read_requests – 597579931

key_reads – 56188

案例2：警报状态

key_buffer_size – 16777216 (16M)

key_read_requests – 597579931

key_reads – 53832731

案例1中比例低于1:10000，是健康的情况；案例2中比例达到1:11，警报已经拉响。

优化query_cache_size

从4.0.1开始，MySQL提供了查询缓冲机制。使用查询缓冲，MySQL将SELECT语句和查询结果存放在缓冲区中，今后对于同样的SELECT语句（区分大小写），将直接从缓冲区中读取结果。根据MySQL用户手册，使用查询缓冲最多可以达到238％的效率。

通过检查状态值Qcache_*，可以知道query_cache_size设置是否合理（上述状态值可以使用SHOW STATUS LIKE ‘Qcache%’获得）。如果Qcache_lowmem_prunes的值非常大，则表明经常出现缓冲不够的情况，如果Qcache_hits的值也非常大，则表明查询缓冲使用非常频繁，此时需要增加缓冲大小；如果Qcache_hits的值不大，则表明你的查询重复率很低，这种情况下使用查询缓冲反而会影响效率，那么可以考虑不用查询缓冲。此外，在SELECT语句中加入SQL_NO_CACHE可以明确表示不使用查询缓冲。

与查询缓冲有关的参数还有query_cache_type、query_cache_limit、query_cache_min_res_unit。query_cache_type指定是否使用查询缓冲，可以设置为0、1、2，该变量是SESSION级的变量。query_cache_limit指定单个查询能够使用的缓冲区大小，缺省为1M。query_cache_min_res_unit是在4.1版本以后引入的，它指定分配缓冲区空间的最小单位，缺省为4K。检查状态值Qcache_free_blocks，如果该值非常大，则表明缓冲区中碎片很多，这就表明查询结果都比较小，此时需要减小query_cache_min_res_unit。

开启二进制日志( Binary Log )

二进制日志包含所有更新数据的语句，其目的是在恢复数据库时用它来把数据尽可能恢复到最后的状态。另外，如果做同步复制( Replication )的话，也需要使用二进制日志传送修改情况。

开启二进制日志，需要设置参数log-bin。log_bin指定日志文件，如果不提供文件名，MySQL将自己产生缺省文件名。MySQL会在文件名后面自动添加数字索引，每次启动服务时，都会重新生成一个新的二进制文件。

此外，使用log-bin-index可以指定索引文件；使用binlog-do-db可以指定记录的数据库；使用binlog-ignore-db可以指定不记录的数据库。注意的是：binlog-do-db和binlog-ignore-db一次只指定一个数据库，指定多个数据库需要多个语句。而且，MySQL会将所有的数据库名称改成小写，在指定数据库时必须全部使用小写名字，否则不会起作用。

在MySQL中使用SHOW MASTER STATUS命令可以查看目前的二进制日志状态。

开启慢查询日志( slow query log )

慢查询日志对于跟踪有问题的查询非常有用。它记录所有查过long_query_time的查询，如果需要，还可以记录不使用索引的记录。下面是一个慢查询日志的例子：

<formulas /> 开启慢查询日志，需要设置参数log_slow_queries、long_query_times、log-queries-not-using-indexes。log_slow_queries指定日志文件，如果不提供文件名，MySQL将自己产生缺省文件名。long_query_times指定慢查询的阈值，缺省是10秒。log-queries-not-using-indexes是4.1.0以后引入的参数，它指示记录不使用索引的查询。

配置InnoDB

相对于MyISAM表来说，正确配置参数对于InnoDB表更加关键。其中，最重要的参数是innodb_data_file_path。它指定表数据和索引存储的空间，可以是一个或者多个文件。最后一个数据文件必须是自动扩充的，也只有最后一个文件允许自动扩充。这样，当空间用完后，自动扩充数据文件就会自动增长（以8MB为单位）以容纳额外的数据。例如：

innodb_data_file_path=/disk1/ibdata1:900M;/disk2/ibdata2:50M:autoextend

两个数据文件放在不同的磁盘上。数据首先放在ibdata1中，当达到900M以后，数据就放在ibdata2中。一旦达到50MB，ibdata2将以8MB为单位自动增长。

如果磁盘满了，你需要在另外的磁盘上面增加一个数据文件。为此，你需要查看最后一个文件的尺寸，然后计算最接近的整数（MB）。然后手工修改该文件的大小，并添加新的数据文件。例如：假设ibdata2已经有109MB数据，那么可以修改如下：

innodb_data_file_path=/disk1/ibdata1:900M;/disk2/ibdata2:109M;/disk3/ibdata3:500M:autoextend

flush_time

如果系统有问题并且经常锁死或重新引导，应将该变量设置为非零值，这将导致服务器按flush_time 秒来刷新表的高速缓存。用这种方法来写出对表的修改将降低性能，但可减少表讹误或数据丢失的机会。

一般使用缺省值。

Binlog_cache_size

The size of the cache to hold the SQL statements for the binary log during a transaction. A binary log cache is allocated for each client if the server supports any transactional storage engines and if the server has binary log enabled(–log-bin option). If you often use big, multiple-statement transactions, you can increase this to get more performance. The Binlog_cache_use and Binlog_cache_disk_use status variables can be useful for tuning the size of this variable.

3．存储引擎

在MYSQL 3.23.0版本中，引入了MyISAM存储引擎。它是一个非事务型的存储引擎，成为了MYSQL的缺省存储引擎。但是，如果使用设置向导来设置参数，则它会把InnoDB作为缺省的存储引擎。InnoDB是一个事务型的存储引擎。

创建表的时候，可以为表指定存储引擎，语法如下：

CREATE TABLE t (i INT) ENGINE = MyISAM

CREATE TABLE t (i INT) TYPE = MyISAM

如果没有指定，则使用缺省的存储引擎。也可以使用ALTER TABLE来更换表引擎，语法如下：

ALTER TABLE t ENGINE = MyISAM

同一数据库中可以包含不同存储引擎的表。

事务型表具有以下特点：

PHP 输入／输出流

• php://stdin
• php://stdout
• php://stderr
• php://output
• php://input
• php://filter

• /resource=<stream to be filtered> (required) 此参数必须位于 php://filter 的末尾并且需要指向向要过滤的流。

  <?php /* This is equivalent to simply:   readfile("http://www.example.com");    since no filters are actually specified */ readfile("php://filter/resource=http://www.example.com"); ?>

• /read=<filter list to apply to read chain> (optional) 本参数接受一个或多个过滤器的名字，用管道字符 | 分隔。

  <?php /* This will output the contents of    www.example.com entirely in uppercase */ readfile("php://filter/read=string.toupper/resource=http://www.example.com"); /* This will do the same as above    but will also ROT13 encode it */ readfile("php://filter/read=string.toupper|string.rot13/resource=http://www.example.com"); ?>

• /write=<filter list to apply to write chain> (optional) 本参数接受一个或多个过滤器的名字，用管道字符 | 分隔。

  <?php /* This will filter the string "Hello World"    through the rot13 filter, then write to    example.txt in the current directory */ file_set_contents("php://filter/write=string.rot13/resource=example.txt","Hello World"); ?>
• /<filter list to apply to both chains> (optional) 任何没有被 read= 或 write= 指定的过滤器会被同时应用于读写链。

# MySQL Server Instance Configuration File
# ———————————————————————-
# Generated by the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard
#
#
# Installation Instructions
# ———————————————————————-
#
# On Linux you can copy this file to /etc/my.cnf to set global options,
# mysql-data-dir/my.cnf to set server-specific options
# (@localstatedir@ for this installation) or to
# ~/.my.cnf to set user-specific options.
#
# On Windows you should keep this file in the installation directory
# of your server (e.g. C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1). To
# make sure the server reads the config file use the startup option
# "–defaults-file".
#
# To run run the server from the command line, execute this in a
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld –defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\my.ini"
#
# To install the server as a Windows service manually, execute this in a
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld –install MySQL41 –defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\my.ini"
#
# And then execute this in a command line shell to start the server, e.g.
# net start MySQL41
#
#
# Guildlines for editing this file
# ———————————————————————-
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that the program supports.
# If you want to know the options a program supports, start the program
# with the "–help" option.
#
# More detailed information about the individual options can also be
# found in the manual.
#
#
# CLIENT SECTION
# ———————————————————————-
#
# The following options will be read by MySQL client applications.
# Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed
# to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to
# honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the
# MySQL client library initialization.
#
[client]

port=3333

[mysql]

default-character-set=gb2312


# SERVER SECTION
# ———————————————————————-
#
# The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that
# you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this
# file.
#
[mysqld]

# The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on
port=3333


#Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this.
basedir="C:/MySQL/"

#Path to the database root
datadir="C:/MySQL/Data/"

# The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is
# created and no character set is defined
default-character-set=gb2312

# The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when
default-storage-engine=INNODB

# Set the SQL mode to strict
sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"

# The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will
# allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with
# SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the
# connection limit has been reached.
max_connections=255

# Query cache is used to cache SELECT results and later return them
# without actual executing the same query once again. Having the query
# cache enabled may result in significant speed improvements, if your
# have a lot of identical queries and rarely changing tables. See the
# "Qcache_lowmem_prunes" status variable to check if the current value
# is high enough for your load.
# Note: In case your tables change very often or if your queries are
# textually different every time, the query cache may result in a
# slowdown instead of a performance improvement.
query_cache_size=8M

# The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value
# increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires.
# Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files
# allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in
# section [mysqld_safe]
table_cache=510

# Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table
# grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk
# based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many
# of them.
tmp_table_size=13M


# How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client
# disconnects, the client’s threads are put in the cache if there aren’t
# more than thread_cache_size threads from before.  This greatly reduces
# the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new
# connections. (Normally this doesn’t give a notable performance
# improvement if you have a good thread implementation.)
thread_cache_size=12

#*** MyISAM Specific options

# The maximum size of the temporary file MySQL is allowed to use while
# recreating the index (during REPAIR, ALTER TABLE or LOAD DATA INFILE.
# If the file-size would be bigger than this, the index will be created
# through the key cache (which is slower).
myisam_max_sort_file_size=100G

# If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger
# than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the
# key cache method.  This is mainly used to force long character keys in
# large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index.
myisam_max_extra_sort_file_size=100G

# If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger
# than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the
# key cache method.  This is mainly used to force long character keys in
# large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index.
myisam_sort_buffer_size=8M

# Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables.
# Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory
# is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you’re not using
# MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be
# used for internal temporary disk tables.
key_buffer_size=8M

# Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans of MyISAM tables.
# Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed.
read_buffer_size=64K
read_rnd_buffer_size=256K

# This buffer is allocated when MySQL needs to rebuild the index in
# REPAIR, OPTIMZE, ALTER table statements as well as in LOAD DATA INFILE
# into an empty table. It is allocated per thread so be careful with
# large settings.
sort_buffer_size=203K


#*** INNODB Specific options ***
innodb_data_home_dir="C:/Data/"

# Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled
# but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space
# and speed up some things.
#skip-innodb

# Additional memory pool that is used by InnoDB to store metadata
# information.  If InnoDB requires more memory for this purpose it will
# start to allocate it from the OS.  As this is fast enough on most
# recent operating systems, you normally do not need to change this
# value. SHOW INNODB STATUS will display the current amount used.
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=2M

# If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the
# disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are
# willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small
# transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the
# logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and
# the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2
# means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log
# file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second.
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1

# The size of the buffer InnoDB uses for buffering log data. As soon as
# it is full, InnoDB will have to flush it to disk. As it is flushed
# once per second anyway, it does not make sense to have it very large
# (even with long transactions).
innodb_log_buffer_size=1M

# InnoDB, unlike MyISAM, uses a buffer pool to cache both indexes and
# row data. The bigger you set this the less disk I/O is needed to
# access data in tables. On a dedicated database server you may set this
# parameter up to 80% of the machine physical memory size. Do not set it
# too large, though, because competition of the physical memory may
# cause paging in the operating system.  Note that on 32bit systems you
# might be limited to 2-3.5G of user level memory per process, so do not
# set it too high.
innodb_buffer_pool_size=31M

# Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size
# of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid
# unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However,
# note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the
# recovery process.
innodb_log_file_size=10M

# Number of threads allowed inside the InnoDB kernel. The optimal value
# depends highly on the application, hardware as well as the OS
# scheduler properties. A too high value may lead to thread thrashing.
innodb_thread_concurrency=8