Look into my eyes – you will see,
What you mean to me.
Search your heart – search your soul,
And when you find me there, you’ll search no more.

Don’t tell me it’s not worth tryin’ for.
You can’t tell me it’s not worth dyin’ for.
You know it’s true,
Everything I do – I do it for you.

Look into your heart – you will find,
There’s nothin’ there to hide.
Take me as I am – take my life,
I would give it all – I would sacrifice.

Don’t tell me it’s not worth fightin’ for.
I can’t help it – there’s nothin’ I want more.
Ya know it’s true,
Everything I do – I do it for you.

There’s no love – like your love.
And no other – could give more love.
There’s nowhere – unless you’re there.
All the time – all the way.

Oh – you can’t tell me it’s not worth tryin’ for.
I can’t help it – there’s nothin’ I want more,
Yeah, I would fight for you – I’d lie for you.
Walk the wire for you – yeah, I’d die for you.

Ya know it’s true.
Everything I do. Ohhhhhhh, I do it for you.

是革命还是旧事物 “自发秩序”定律诠释新网络服务奥义

作者： CNET科技资讯网 翻译：李海

CNETNews.com.cn 2005-11-16 09:17 AM

CNET科技资讯网11月16日国际报道 协同性网站，“标签式”照片与文件以及和地图相关的Web 2.0项目真的代表着互联网的下一次革命吗？

对此的争论不休。网页书签网站Delicious 已经获得来自亚马逊网上书店等的资金；Web 2.0 会议上月已在旧金山召开；视频共享公司YouTube 和Revver也已获得资金支持。Skype 的26亿美元的价格标签也受到了重视。

这些技术发展确实有用，甚至令人着迷。我从1988年就开始使用互联网了，因此，我可能有资格说，我们应该从更加广阔的历史场景角度来看待这些新东西。

将这些表面上非常新式的东西置于合适的视角来考察很有意思，它可以让我们回忆起让现代互联网成为可能的那些历史性的计算机突破。即使今日的技术引领的是一个新的数码社会，它们可能也仅仅是很多已经存在的技术的发展高峰，用奥地利一位经济学家F.A. Hayek的话来讲，叫做“自发秩序”。

例如，不久以前，明尼苏达州大学的研究人员发明了一种对互联网上的信息进行编目和寻找的方法。

这些人的发明很简单，用户，程序员很容易就理解了，它非常适合小屏幕的设备，对视力不佳的人来说，这种信息编目与搜索的方法是一种福音。

那一年是1991年，发明的名字叫做“地鼠”（Gopher）。感谢众多志愿者的努力，地鼠很快的发展开来。一些地鼠爱好者们相信，这种协议已经胜过了万维网协议。

当时，新闻组（Usenet）甚至是更加革命性的一种发展。新闻组由杜克大学的研究生Tom Truscott和Jim Ellis 于1979年构思而成，它可以让人们在网站上交流公共讯息。

远距离的协作浪潮很快就开始了。工程师们开始设计新闻组架构，他们首先用相对缓慢的Unix外壳脚本，然后用速度更加敏捷的C 语言来编写。到上个世纪80年代中期，市面上已经出现多种新闻组“浏览器”，比如readnews，rn，和trn 等等。

随着新闻组架构的创立，它的用户们开始建立各种各样的论坛，从性，数学，到音乐，应有尽有。新闻组中的数据规模逐年翻番。（现在，新闻组的每天数据更新量达到了2TB.）

新闻组帮助定义了FAQ （常见问题解答）这个词语的含义，FAQ 是wiki项目的早期雏形。

其它的例子也很丰富。GNU/Linux 操作系统的发展轨迹也和国际性的协作及相关软件的发展历史同步。很多其它的开源项目，从阿帕奇网络服务器到Perl 6编程语言等等，都是如此。

这种现象就是Hayek 定义过的“自发秩序”（spontaneous order ）。它是指，社会当中的人通过协作和志愿交流，就会发生复杂而又令人惊讶的结果，这种协作和交流无需中央权威来强制施行的。

互联网本身是一种自发秩序的重复。它不是由联邦通讯委员会或者联合国来中央规划，而是由使用它的人来掌控，一个网站一个网站的建设，一个协议一个协议的建设。

程序员们已经开发出了很多更为复杂的项目。自从1995量以来，Perl档案网络已经搜集了大量的古老网络部件，从网络自动化工具，到MPEG电影等等。

现在，作家，摄影师，网页设计师似乎正在借鉴程序员世界的协作技术经验。wiki，XML 和RSS 标准已经非常的流行，这足以让协作工作得以实现。

革命性的？可能不见得。自发秩序概念如此简单，但它却产生出了非凡的结果。（编辑：孙莹）

The law of ’spontaneous order’

By Declan McCullagh

Staff Writer, CNET News.com

November 14, 2005 4:00 AM PT

Do technologies like collaborative Web sites, methods of "tagging" photos and documents, and mapping-related projects really represent the next Internet revolution?

That’s the buzz. Web bookmarks manager Delicious has received a round of funding from Amazon.com and others; the Web 2.0 conference last month in San Francisco was sold out; video-sharing companies YouTube and Revver also have landed financing. Skype’s $2.6 billion price tag deserves a mention too.

In an eerie echo of the 1990s boom, Wired magazine is touting the world-shaking consequences of the Internet today. Compared with the average Google user, writer Kevin Kelly concludes, "I doubt angels have a better view of humanity."

It’s true that these developments are useful, even fascinating. But I’ve been using the Internet since 1988, making me probably just enough of an old-timer to say we should view them through the wide-angle lens of history.

So to put this ostensibly new-world order in the proper perspective, it helps to recall the historic computing breakthroughs that made the modern Internet possible. Even if today’s technologies do usher in a new digital society, they may simply represent the culmination of many advances that have long been in existence but are finally coming together by serendipity if not design–an example of what late Austrian economist F.A. Hayek called "spontaneous order."

It wasn’t too long ago, for instance, that researchers at the University of Minnesota invented a novel way to catalog and retrieve information on the Internet.

Instead of adopting the free-form approach of the Web, Paul Lindner and Mark McCahill wanted a well-structured hierarchy for pages. Their resulting text-based approach proved to be simple for users and programmers to understand, perfect for devices with tiny screens, and a boon for the visually impaired.

The year, of course, was 1991 and that invention was called Gopher. It soon became as widespread as its eponymous namesake, thanks to volunteers who built search engines around it (one was named Veronica), contributed technical tweaks, and offered server space at no cost. Some Gopher aficionados believe that the protocol would have triumphed over the World Wide Web had the University of Minnesota not started to demand licensing fees.

The venerable Usenet was an even more revolutionary development at the time. Conceived by Duke University graduate students Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis in 1979, it began as a project to let people at different Internet sites chat with one another by exchanging public messages.

An iterative series of long-distance collaborations soon began. Engineers started to erect the Usenet infrastructure, first with relatively sluggish Unix shell scripts, and then with speedier versions written in the C programming language. By the mid-1980s there were multiple Usenet "browsers" with names like readnews, rn, and trn.

As Usenet’s infrastructure was being created, its users were flocking to discussion forums with names ranging from alt.sex to sci.math and rec.music. Soon data volume was roughly doubling every year. (It’s now hovering around two terabytes a day.)

Usenet helped define the term FAQ, or Frequently Asked Questions, a kind of early wiki project. Volunteers typically contributed entries that, over time, built FAQs of surprising depth and scope. Even today, for instance, the FAQ for comp.ai.genetic remains the best online introduction to the topic of evolutionary computation, dwarfing the brief Wikipedia entry.

Other examples abound. The history of the GNU/Linux operating system follows a similar path marked by international collaboration and increasingly capable software. So have many large open-source projects, from the Apache Web server to the Perl 6 programming language. Majordomo is one "groupware" project for managing mailing lists; another, even more popular one is called Mailman.

This phenomenon is what Hayek had in mind with his definition of "spontaneous order." The term refers to the marvel of complexity that happens every day in society when people work together and interact voluntarily, without a central authority dictating what happens.

If this mechanism were created intentionally by human design, it "would have been acclaimed as one of the greatest triumphs of the human mind," he wrote in a 1943 book called "The Use of Knowledge in Society." Hayek understands such recognition well: He would later receive the Nobel Prize in economics.

The Internet itself is an iteration of spontaneous order. It wasn’t centrally planned by the Federal Communications Commission or the United Nations but instead arose organically among those who used it, effectively built site by site, protocol by protocol.

Programmers have long relied on complex systems to build even more complex projects. Since 1995, the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network has amassed a huge collection of ready-made components to do everything from Web automation to creating MPEG movies. The Revision Control System software permits dozens of programmers to collaborate on one project without interfering with one another.

Now what seems to be happening is that writers, photographers, and Web designers are borrowing collaborative techniques from the programming world. And wikis, standards like XML and RSS (and newer ones like trackback and tagging) have become popular enough and capable enough to make that collaboration happen.

Revolutionary? Probably not. But a telling example of how the simple concept of spontaneous order yields remarkable results.

小小电容器能惹出大麻烦 PC制造商讳莫如深

作者： CNET科技资讯网 翻译：李海

CNETNews.com.cn 2005-11-11 08:38 AM

CNET科技资讯网11月11日国际报道 电容器只是PC主板上一种便宜的小部件，但它们一旦坏掉，制造商就会因此头痛不已。

上周，戴尔宣布，它将拿出收入中的3 亿美元来处理更换某些Optiplex工作站电脑的问题，这些电脑的主板电容存在缺陷。

存在问题的工作站的生产日期是从2003年4 月到2004年3 月。

戴尔不是唯一一家碰到电容器麻烦的电脑制造商。事实上，使用了英特尔主板的厂商，比如惠普，苹果电脑等等都面临这样的问题。

据悉，戴尔Optiplex工作站，某些苹果iMac G5 ，2004年制造的惠普xw系列工作站，以及使用了英特尔D865GBF 主板的电脑中，电容器均存在膨胀，爆浆，泄漏等问题，这会导致电脑系统周期性的停工。

戴尔拒绝说明电容器部件供应商的任何信息，但它表示，尽管这些问题电脑存在周期性停工的毛病，但它不会造成数据丢失。

苹果和英特尔方面也拒绝对电容器的问题发表意见。

只有惠普公布了缺陷电容器的生产商，它们是：日本京都的Nichicon.

Nichicon北美公司的发言人拒绝对此发表评论。去往京都总部的电话与电子邮件也无人回应。

这不是电容器第一次制造麻烦了。三年前，Passive 部件杂志披露说，电容器问题是一个全行业的问题，当时，Passive 杂志公布了几家台湾电容器制造商的名单。

电容器是一种“等效串联电阻”性质（ESR ）的铝电解圆柱形器件，它的外观颜色为黑色和金色相间，长度为一英寸，侧面有M 和HM，顶部有X 字样。电容器一般存在于一些主板，显卡，电源，显示器，磁带式录像机以及电视机当中。

专家表示，如果电容器生产不当，它们会在使用后3 到4 年产生问题。电压过低，计算机内外温度过高，处理器超频使用等因素又会加速电容器的问题产生。

分析师们认为，戴尔这3 亿美元的费用当中，有一半将用于整个主板的更换工作。

在维吉尼亚州开了一间电脑维修点的Paul Kamberis 说，他从今年一月开始见到电容器引起的电脑故障，通常是“蓝屏死机”或者是程序异常崩溃。

Kamberis说：“唯一一个解释便是电容器爆浆，因为，即使我重新格式化硬盘，重装系统，这种问题依然存在。”Kamberis表示，今年，他已经看到过另外三种主板存在这一问题了。

英特尔的D865GBF 主板也存在电容器的问题。

英特尔的发言人Bill Kircos 拒绝对主板问题发表意见，他只是说：“电容器问题并不是新鲜的问题，它会经常发生问题，它是很多环境因素造成的，这不是哪一个生产商，半导体制造商的问题。”

苹果方面也会电容器问题采取了回避的态度。

今年8 月，苹果有限制的召回了它的第一代iMac G5 电脑，其生产日期在2004年9 月至2005年6 月，这种电脑有配备17或20英寸显示器，1.6GHz或1.8GHz G5 处理器。苹果官方给出的召回原因是“某些部件的问题”。

惠普发言人Nita Miller 说：“2004年3 月1 日，惠普暂停了某些问题部件电脑的销售，我们清除了所有存在问题的电容器库存，2004年3 月1 日以后生产的电脑都不存在电容器的问题。”

专家们表示，更换电容器或者整个主板是解决这一问题的有效途径。一旦你确定是电容器在作怪，你可以检查你电脑的质保期，然后联系更换事宜。（编辑：孙莹）

专访：Adobe首席执行官谈朋友、敌人和中国

作者： CNET科技资讯网 翻译：李海

CNETNews.com.cn 2005-11-10 09:3 AM

CNET科技资讯网11月10日国际报道  Adobe 系统公司以34亿美元收购Macromedia是今年软件行业的一件大事。

在美国已经批准，欧洲也即将批准这桩收购的档口，Silicon.com 的编辑Tony Hallett采访了Adobe 的首席执行官Bruce Chizen。

问：某些人表示你正在试图突破你们传统的市场。

Chizen：仍然还是帮助人们快速传递信息而已。

是什么让Adobe 历久弥新？

Chizen：微软在迎合范围广泛的用户群，我们则专注专业领域，比如网页设计师，图像设计师。这些人非常关心他们信息输出的质量。

在这些专业领域，刚刚好可无法被用户接受。由于我们专注于此，因此我认为我们做得相当好。

你们只会局限于几种专业领域吗？

Chizen：不会的，因为我们处于一个信息爆炸的时代。

数字版权管理以及版权管理通常也伴随着文件的“数字泄漏”等问题，它目前是一个热点领域吗？对你们而言它是否是一个巨大的机会？

Chizen：有B2B （商业对商业）的版权管理以及B2C （商业对客户）的版权管理，我们尽量避免切入B2C 的版权管理市场，因为这一领域非常的混乱，存在很多的专利问题，我们的将和执法机构及行业机构一起合作，将发展重点放在文件安全方面。它是实现PDF 价值的重要组成部分。

能举个例子吗？

Chizen：以医药行业为例。在医药监管机构的服务器上，可以了解新药的信息，如果我了解到某些药物对我有害，我能够很快的终止服用这些药物。

给我们谈谈中国。

Chizen：每次我谈到中国就感到麻烦。我对中国市场感到焦躁。这一市场令人沮丧。我们在日本的市场份额大约是3 亿美元，我们在中国的市场份额与日本相当，但我们在中国的收入在3 百万至5 百万美元之间，这是一个问题。

你们仍然还在坚持。

Chizen：目前，中国仍然是世界上最大的IT市场，发展速度也相当的快。因此我们正和美国政府合作，敦促，帮助中国方面意识到问题的所在。今年7 月，我们和政府一道于中国的官员进行了会面，协商了知识产权保护的问题。

我们能做的第二件事情是继续改变我们的商业模式，比如用主机软件，而非套装软件等等。我们可以继续降低软件的价格，但是，每当我们降价的时候，其它地方总会冒出来比我们价格更低的产品，降价策略并不成功。

最终，那些想在中国做生意的商业软件开发商只有向中国会面施压才行，我们在这一市场还需要时间。

但你们仍然需要和这一市场的盗版问题做斗争。

Chizen：是的。

主机式软件是一条出路吗？

Chizen：还没有人能够说清楚。

微软正在袭来，他们准备进一步侵入你们的领地。

Chizen：我们很多年前就料到微软的举动了，只不过他们采取行动的时间比我们料想的要长，尤其是与PDF 有关的业务市场。

由于我们很早就有了这一预料，因此我们制定了很多的应对措施。我们的目标不仅仅是让PDF 成为了一种标准，而且还要生产更多的应用程序与工具，以便让它们围绕PDF 做文章。因此，当微软进来的时候，他们面临很多的困难。但我并不轻视他们，微软是一家身价400 亿美元，美国司法部曾经宣布其为垄断者的软件公司。

但微软在很多阵地在进行战斗。

Chizen：我对他们感到忧虑，他们有力量，对研发也投入很多。我对此非常担心，但微软身形巨大，也存在很多的问题。世界各地的政府都在密切注意他们的举动。Linux 社区继续提供能够替代Windows 的操作系统。OpenOffice.org正在提供可以替代Office的办公软件。Sun 在服务器软件方面继续和Windows 服务器软件进行对抗。微软还在视频游戏业务领域与索尼进行着竞争，而索尼看上去并不会死亡，消失掉。苹果电脑公司继续和微软竞争。

微软的员工基础也将发生变化。通过股票期权奖励，微软一度可以招募到全世界最好，最聪明的大学毕业生。但是，现在，由于有Google这样的公司存在，微软的对人材的吸引力已经减弱了。

你对苹果的计算机业务感觉如何？

Chizen：他们拥有非常稳定，忠诚的用户群。

你们和苹果的关系发生改变了没有？比如，和5 前以前相比。

Chizen：5 年以前，苹果已经不必再担心自己的用户会流失到Windows 平台了。他们的用户很忠诚，他们对苹果电脑很忠诚，这对Adobe 来说是一个好消息。存在挑战的地方在于，苹果将开发一些自己的软件，这些软件可能和Adobe 竞争，比如，在视频软件领域一样。紧张是永远存在的。但我更多的将苹果看成是一位朋友。

你对苹果使用英特尔处理器的看法是什么？

Chizen：从长远来看，这非常好，因为这样可以让他们生产速度更快，功能更为强大，更能让用户承受的电脑出来。另外，从理论上来说，由于我们与英特尔的关系密切，因此，我们可以充分利用这种优势为苹果电脑服务，尤其是在图像，视频应用软件领域。挑战也存在，由于苹果使用英特尔软件，我们需要花时间对程序进行修改。

你对苹果转向英特尔电脑的计划知道多少？

Chizen：苹果首席执行官史蒂夫乔布斯和我有着很密切的关系。他给我分享了他的计划。很多次，但他宣布一个新项目之前，他会跟我通气。

开源对Adobe 有哪些影响？

Chizen：我们有一些多年的竞争对手，例如，KIllustrator对Illustrator 的竞争，Gimp对Photoshop 的竞争。我们发现，用户会为商业软件的品质掏腰包。他们想成为最好的。这里面存在一个危险，这就是政府会插手，他们会说，你只能用开源软件，让用户没有选择。我们希望用户有所选择。如果我们被迫进行开源，那么开源就会成为一个问题。

你是不是正在想韩国，慕尼黑等例子？

Chizen：还有中国。

又是中国。

Chizen：在中国，如果他们说，你只能购买国产软件供应商的产品，那么我们就永无翻身之日了。

因此，你们在中国有了一些反击措施了吗？

Chizen：是的。我们正在中国建立研发中心。我们从圣琼斯派出了一位首席工程师到中国，以便让PDF 在那里成为一种标准。

我们正在中国进行软件中文本地化的工作，让软件收入流入当地经济，和政府，大学进行合作。我们正在向外界显示，我们不仅仅是从中国榨取金钱收入，我们还在成为他们经济的一部分，这相当的重要。我们在汉堡，印度都有研发中心，我们的事业不仅仅是美国，而且也在世界各地。

英国市场对你们来说意味着什么？你能够从这一市场获得一些什么经验吗？

Chizen：英国的情况和美国类似，比如，在政府领域，美国，英国以及澳洲都有类似的税务政策。另外，英国的金融服务机构非常强大。这些金融机构数量不多，但他们的规模非常巨大，而且多半是全球性质的公司。

还有呢？

Chizen：当然，其它行业，比如出版业媒体行业对我们来说也是很大的领域。(编辑：孙莹)

Newsmaker:  Chizen: Friends, foes and China

By Tony Hallett

Special to CNET News.com

Published: November 9, 2005, 10:13 AM PST

newsmaker Adobe Systems’ $3.4 billion purchase of Macromedia has been one of the big stories in software this year.

With the deal approved in the U.S. and on the verge of being approved in Europe, Silicon.com editor Tony Hallett recently caught up with the San Jose-based software company’s chief executive, Bruce Chizen.

With an "intra-quarter business update" forecasting Adobe will once again beat analyst expectations and the merger with Macromedia almost put to bed, you can forgive those at the company–one of the few standalone software outfits to endure over the past 20 years–for feeling like they have some momentum.

But with Microsoft looming larger, the rise of open-source alternatives and China a problem as much as an opportunity, CEO Bruce Chizen–as always–has some strong views on what lies ahead.

Q: Some people say you’re trying to make a break from your traditional market.
Chizen: It’s still all about helping people express information.

What is it that has made Adobe endure?
Chizen: Where a Microsoft caters to a wide variety of people, we really focus on the professional–whether that be an IT professional or a creative professional, a Web designer, a graphics designer. They really care about the quality of the output of their information. It’s where good enough is just not acceptable. And because we stay focused there, I think we do what we do well.

Are you limited to that type of professional?
Chizen: No, because of this information explosion we’re living in.

DRM, and rights management more generally with issues such as "digital leakage" of documents, is a hot area right now. Is it a big opportunity for you?
Chizen: There’s B2B (business-to-business) rights management and B2C (business-to-consumer)–which we tend to stay out of as it’s pretty messy, with lots of patent issues–and our focus tends to be on the document security side, (working with) regulated agencies and industries. It’s one of the great value propositions of PDF.

Example?
Chizen: Take pharmaceuticals. On the policy server side, if new information on a drug comes to light, if I learn about something harmful, I can quickly terminate (outdated information on its) application with a doctor.

Tell us about China.
Chizen: Every time I talk about China I get into trouble! I know I irritate the Chinese government. It’s frustrating. We’ll do–and these are approximate numbers–about the equivalent of $300 million in business in Japan. We have similar market share in China–it’s all Adobe–and we’ll do maybe $3 million to $5 million. It’s a problem.

Yet you persist.
Chizen: Yet it’s the largest IT market in the world right now in terms of growth. So we’re working with the U.S. government to educate, push and help the Chinese government in understanding the problems it’s creating. I think it was in the middle of July, there was a very successful meeting with representatives of U.S. Trade and, I think, the State Department, with Chinese officials, which ended with the Chinese government talking about a renewed effort in terms of intellectual property.

Second thing we can do is continue to look at ways we can change our business models, looking at hosted applications, instead of pushing shrink-wrapped software, looking at server-based solutions. We can try to reduce the price of shrink software but when we just did that–even to below where it is elsewhere in the world–it wasn’t successful.

Ultimately what it’s going to take is for its internal, commercial software developers looking to do business in China and outside China to put pressure on their government–and we’re probably years away from that.

But you continue to fight counterfeiting there.
Chizen: Yes, but for every dollar I invest in China on intellectual property education and enforcement, I can get a much better return if I put that investment in the U.K., in Germany or in the U.S.

And the U.S. government isn’t just fighting on behalf of poor old Adobe?
Chizen: If you look at the amount of lost revenue to the theft of intellectual property by Chinese from intellectual property companies in the U.S., it’s a significant number–which results in less jobs, less tax paid to the U.S. government, less R&D and innovation, and it also means less offset to the trade balance which is already out of whack. The U.S. government has a lot of incentives to push–not Adobe’s agenda but the intellectual property agenda.

Is hosted software the way to go?
Chizen: No one’s really figured it out.

But how come you have this piracy problem? We thought you were the DRM experts. Will you build in more checks and balances?
Chizen: We can and we will. But there is no such thing as absolutely secure.

Microsoft is looming, about to move onto your turf further.
Chizen: For years now we have been anticipating a move by Microsoft–it’s actually taken them a lot longer than I thought it would, especially as related to PDF. Because of that anticipation we set in place a strategy a number of years ago to deal with it. The goal was not only for PDF to become a standard but to make sure we were building applications and tools that did more with PDF than just the creation of it. So when–not if–Microsoft decided to enter, it would be that much more difficult for them. But I am not trying to trivialize that. They are a $40 billion software company which the U.S. Department of Justice has declared a monopolist.

But they are fighting on many fronts.
Chizen: I worry about them, with all the power they have and how much they invest in R&D. I worry about that a lot, but they are also big and have a lot of issues. Government regulators around the world continue to look at what they’re doing closely. The Linux community is providing an operating system that could replace Windows. OpenOffice.org is providing a replacement, potentially, for Microsoft Office. Sun continues to be aggressive with their own servers against Windows servers. They’re competing with the likes of a Sony in the video game business and Sony isn’t just going to roll over and play dead. Apple will continue to compete with a wave of computing against Microsoft.

They have an employee base that is going through change. One time it was an employee base that was built upon hiring the best and the brightest from universities around the world and then rewarding them through stock option appreciation. But their stock hasn’t appreciated in over five years. Their ability to hire the best and the brightest has been reduced significantly because you have companies like Google and, to a lesser degree, Adobe who end up being more attractive. And then running a $40 billion business has its own complexities, especially a company that was very top-down from a Bill Gates/Steve Ballmer perspective.

So those nights where I get up in the middle of the night and think "OK, they’re doing PDF creation" and so on…as I toss and turn and think about those things, then I think about the list I just gave you and go back to sleep. I don’t want to give them more credit than they deserve.

How do you feel about Apple’s computing business?
Chizen: They have a very stable, loyal customer base.

Has your relationship with Apple changed, say, going back five years?
Chizen: Going back five years–they’ve made it much easier because you no longer have to worry about "Will their customers move over to the Windows platform?"–which would have made Microsoft that much more dominant in our business. Loyal customers, loyal to the Macintosh, is good news for Adobe. The challenge will always be that Apple will look at developing its own software that in some areas will compete with Adobe, as they did in the video area. There will always be that tension. But I look at Apple much more as a friend.

So a strong Apple…
Chizen: …is a good thing.

How do you feel about Apple on Intel (processors)?
Chizen: In the long term it’s great because it allows production of faster, more powerful computers that can be more affordable than today. Plus, in theory, because we work closely with Intel we should be able to take advantage of the optimization that we do around Intel at the native level, especially for graphics and video applications. The challenging part will be the switch. It will take coding and compiling time–and that’s work.

How much did you know about Apple’s move to Intel?
Chizen: (Apple CEO) Steve Jobs and I have an appropriately close relationship. He shared his plans. A variety of times he broached the subject and right before he announced it he made it clear to me.

What effects does open source have on Adobe?
Chizen: We’ve had competitors for a number of years–for example, KIllustrator for Illustrator, Gimp for Photoshop. We find that as long as we innovate and maintain our quality levels our customers will pay for the commercial product. They want the best. The one risk is that governments end up dictating, saying you can only use open-source products, not giving users choice. We like choice. Open source is a problem if we are forced to do open source.

Are you thinking about instances in Korea, Munich…
Chizen: … in China!

China again.
Chizen: In China, if they say you can only buy from domestic suppliers that would mean we are out of business there forever.

So is your China setup part of a charm offensive?
Chizen: Yeah. We are developing R&D centers there. We sent one of our lead engineers from San Jose, trying to make PDF much more of a standard there. We’re looking at doing Chinese localization there–putting money back into the local economy, working with the government and universities. It’s important that we show our job isn’t just to extract money from China, that we want to be part of their economy. We have R&D in Hamburg, in Norwich, in India–our job is not to be (just) in the U.S. and (sell) elsewhere.

What does the U.K. mean to you? Can you learn anything from here?
Chizen: It’s similar to the U.S. in a number of ways–for example, the government sector, where we have (tax authorities) sharing across the U.S., U.K. and Australia. Also, (U.K.) financial services organizations are very powerful. There aren’t many but they are very large and tend to be global.

And…?
Chizen: Of course the other big industry for us is publishing and media. It’s unique in the U.K. in that there are so many different newspapers, magazines and media organizations. (The U.S. moves) quicker than just about any place else in the world. For us that’s great because we can experiment…. (It’s) willing to adopt new technologies more quickly. A great example is Glamour magazine–we used that as (a) first test bed for Adobe InDesign. It won a design award and I was able to take that back to Conde Nast in the U.S.–and Hearst and Time Inc.–and say, "Look at what these guys have done."

摩尔获终身成就奖 “摩尔定律”生命再起纷争

作者： CNET科技资讯网 翻译：李海

CNETNews.com.cn 2005-11-07 08:53 AM

CNET科技资讯网11 月7 日国际报道 万物皆有终点。

还是存在例外？

多年以来，技术专家们就一直在争论摩尔定律的寿命问题。

过去40几年，摩尔定律已经成为电脑制造行业的金科玉律，它令电脑，手机价格越来越便宜，速度越来越快，功能越来越强大，外形越来越紧凑。

上周五，戈登摩尔在纽约举行被马可尼协会授予终身成就奖，科学家与工程师在此谈论纷纷，摩尔定律究竟能够延续多长时间。

摩尔本人表示，他对自己的这一预测能够保持这么长时间的准确性感到吃惊。

他在讨论大会上说：“我从来都没有料到这一定律是如此的准确。”

摩尔定律的成功也产生了一些问题。经过几十年的晶体管的发展，目前的一块芯片上已经包括了上百万的晶体管以及铜线，这种复杂的芯片结构会产生诸如漏电，增加电力消耗，发热等等问题。

另外，晶体管的体积究竟能够小到什么程度也是一个物理学的问题。

加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校电脑科学系的教授Leonard Kleinrock 说：“我的直觉告诉我，摩尔定律会有失效的一天。

原子的体积，我手指的大小以及我眼睛的容积都有定数。“

晶体管包含4 个基本的部件：源极（source，主要存储电子），漏极（drain ，负责制造1 信号），门（gate）以及氧化栅极（gate oxide，控制源极至漏极的电流）。

由于几经缩小，目前的氧化栅极的厚度已经只有10几个原子那么薄，从一定程度上来说，如果没有特殊的化学与建筑技术的出现，进一步的缩小的氧化栅极的厚度已经变得相当困难。

但是，很多业界的科学家相信，新材料和新方法的出现将延续摩尔定律。芯片可能逐渐将从硅向其它物质转变，比如碳纳米管。

另外一种预测是，硅将继续发挥作用，但其它物质将加入其中。象Federico Faggin 等科学家已经开发出了制造金属氧化物半导体的方法，这些人认为，芯片可以用三元叠加制造法来生产，就像盖烟囱一样。

还有些科学家表示，摩尔定律还将继续下去，原因是社会需要它。

马可尼协会的主席，前贝尔实验室的主任Robert Lucky说：“摩尔定律消亡的一天真的会到来吗？我们都依靠这一耗资数十亿美元的产业过活，因此，如果这一定律消亡了，这个产业会变得怎么样呢？我们都要求更多。究竟芯片会走向碳纳米管或者三元构造，我不知道。”（编辑：孙莹）

从科幻小说到现实世界 电子纸张开始步入生活

作者： CNET科技资讯网 翻译：李海

CNETNews.com.cn 2005-11-07 08:58 AM

CNET科技资讯网 11月7日国际报道 在Neal Stephenson的科幻小说“钻石时代”中，年轻的女主人公有一本神奇的书－它可以说话，随着故事的变化，纸上的字体也可以发生变化。

Stephenson这本小说问世10年之后，电子纸张这种原本属于科幻的概念正在进入现实的市场。

和现有的电脑屏幕不同，“电子纸张”显示技术可以在明亮的阳光下动态的显示文本内容。

但是，和液晶显示器进入市场时的情况一样，消费者首先是在钟表上见到电子纸张的。那种无线，自动的更新内容的电子报纸好需要数年的时间才能得到普及。

一系列的公司目前正在研制电子纸张显示技术，LG飞利浦液晶显示和位于马萨诸塞州的“电子墨水”公司（E Ink）上月宣布，他们已经开发出一种10英寸的电子纸张显示器，另外，富士通今年7月也已经推出了一种彩色显示器。

飞利浦旗下的Polymer Vision部门希望在2006年年底时开始大规模的生产一种5英寸的电子纸张显示器，这种产品最先将用于一款精工爱普生的手表之上。

电子纸张最早是由施乐Palo Alto研究中心的Nick Sheridon于上个世纪70年代发明的，目前，Nick Sheridon是施乐Gyricon公司的负责人。

电子纸张的核心技术是悬浮在只有人类头发丝直径大小的胶囊中的黑白微粒。

这些微粒会对电子荷做出反应，负极电流将黑色微粒浮现于纸张表面，从而产生黑颜色，正极则产生白色效果。

电子纸张比现有的液晶显示器薄很多，它可以做得和普通得纸张一样的厚度。

电子纸张也比液晶显示器省电100倍，因为它不需要背光支持，电子纸张只需要电流来改变图像而已，而不是保持图像。

和普通的纸张一样，电子纸张可以反射光线，这一特性可以让它在极端的环境下，比如太阳直射的情况下进行工作。

位于密歇根州的Gyricon已经在销售基于电子纸张的签名板与留言板，这种产品可以无线更新讯息，比如中央控制室能够无线更新整栋大楼的房间符号信息。

大屏幕，小设备Polymer Vision公司的首席执行官Karl McGoldrick说，电子纸张显示技术可以推动移动互联网的发展。

电子纸张显示器能够卷起来意味着，显示器的屏幕可以做的很大，而设备可以做的很小。

McGoldrick说：“从移动互联网的角度上讲现在的显示器都太小了。今年，移动电话的销量将达到7亿，其中，仅有5%为智能手机。如果你想让移动互联网大行其道，你需要将另外6.7亿部电话改造为智能电话。”

McGoldrick预想的第一步是生产一种超小型的独立装置，这种装置能够直接通过移动通讯网络或无线互联网从一台PC上下载内容。他说，Polymer Vision正在与生产商与内容提供商谈判，争取联合推出这样设备。

据悉，5英寸的电子纸张显示器的价格和同等大小的液晶显示器的价格相当。

Forrester研究公司的一位分析师Forrester警告说，制造商需要对生产电子纸张显示器谨慎。

他说：“光生产一种产品还不够，你还需要建立一套端对端的解决方案。”

当然，即使电子纸张报纸出现，它也不可能一下子对传统的印刷报纸产生影响。

Schadler表示，报社可以将电子报纸向订户推广，但他们需要提供其它的内容来源，以便吸引读者。

他说：“如果你仅仅将用户局限在一种报纸服务上，那么电子纸张报纸不会很有吸引力。用户可能会用它来阅读网络日志，杂志或者书籍，而不仅仅是金融时报，先驱论坛报，纽约时报这些。出版者们需要很仔细的考虑如何让电子纸张变得更有价值。”(编辑：孙莹)