——————————————————————————–
中学阶段
10 PRINT “HELLO WORLD”
20 END
——————————————————————————–
大学一年级
program Hello(input, output)
begin
writeln(‘Hello World’)
end.
——————————————————————————–
大学高年级
(defun hello
(print
(cons ‘Hello (list ‘World))))
——————————————————————————–
初级程序员
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
char *message[] = {“Hello “, “World”};
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
printf(“%s”, message[i]);
printf(“\n”);
}
——————————————————————————–
编程老鸟
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>
class string
{
private:
int size;
char *ptr;
public:
string() : size(0), ptr(new char(‘\0′)) {}
string(const string &s) : size(s.size)
{
ptr = new char[size + 1];
strcpy(ptr, s.ptr);
}
~string()
{
delete [] ptr;
}
friend ostream &operator <<(ostream &, const string &);
string &operator=(const char *);
};
ostream &operator<<(ostream &stream, const string &s)
{
return(stream << s.ptr);
}
string &string::operator=(const char *chrs)
{
if (this != &chrs)
{
delete [] ptr;
size = strlen(chrs);
ptr = new char[size + 1];
strcpy(ptr, chrs);
}
return(*this);
}
int main()
{
string str;
str = “Hello World”;
cout << str << end
return(0);
}
——————————————————————————–
编程高手
[
uuid(2573F8F4-CFEE-101A-9A9F-00AA00342820)
]
library LHello
{
// bring in the master library
importlib(“actimp.tlb”);
importlib(“actexp.tlb”);
// bring in my interfaces
#include “pshlo.idl”
[
uuid(2573F8F5-CFEE-101A-9A9F-00AA00342820)
]
cotype THello
{
interface IHello;
interface IPersistFile;
};
};
[
exe,
uuid(2573F890-CFEE-101A-9A9F-00AA00342820)
]
module CHelloLib
{
// some code related header files
importheader(<windows.h>);
importheader(<ole2.h>);
importheader(<except.hxx>);
importheader(“pshlo.h”);
importheader(“shlo.hxx”);
importheader(“mycls.hxx”);
// needed typelibs
importlib(“actimp.tlb”);
importlib(“actexp.tlb”);
importlib(“thlo.tlb”);
[
uuid(2573F891-CFEE-101A-9A9F-00AA00342820),
aggregatable
]
coclass CHello
{
cotype THello;
};
};
#include “ipfix.hxx”
extern HANDLE hEvent;
class CHello : public CHelloBase
{
public:
IPFIX(CLSID_CHello);
CHello(IUnknown *pUnk);
~CHello();
HRESULT __stdcall PrintSz(LPWSTR pwszString);
private:
static int cObjRef;
};
#include <windows.h>
#include <ole2.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include “thlo.h”
#include “pshlo.h”
#include “shlo.hxx”
#include “mycls.hxx”
int CHello::cObjRef = 0;
CHello::CHello(IUnknown *pUnk) : CHelloBase(pUnk)
{
cObjRef++;
return;
}
HRESULT __stdcall CHello::PrintSz(LPWSTR pwszString)
{
printf(“%ws\n”, pwszString);
return(ResultFromScode(S_OK));
}
CHello::~CHello(void)
{
// when the object count goes to zero, stop the server
cObjRef–;
if( cObjRef == 0 )
PulseEvent(hEvent);
return;
}
#include <windows.h>
#include <ole2.h>
#include “pshlo.h”
#include “shlo.hxx”
#include “mycls.hxx”
HANDLE hEvent;
int _cdecl main(
int argc,
char * argv[]
) {
ULONG ulRef;
DWORD dwRegistration;
CHelloCF *pCF = new CHelloCF();
hEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
// Initialize the OLE libraries
CoInitializeEx(NULL, COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
CoRegisterClassObject(CLSID_CHello, pCF, CLSCTX_LOCAL_SERVER,
REGCLS_MULTIPLEUSE, &dwRegistration);
// wait on an event to stop
WaitForSingleObject(hEvent, INFINITE);
// revoke and release the class object
CoRevokeClassObject(dwRegistration);
ulRef = pCF->Release();
// Tell OLE we are going away.
CoUninitialize();
return(0);
}
extern CLSID CLSID_CHello;
extern UUID LIBID_CHelloLib;
CLSID CLSID_CHello = { /* 2573F891-CFEE-101A-9A9F-00AA00342820 */
0×2573F891,
0xCFEE,
0×101A,
{ 0×9A, 0×9F, 0×00, 0xAA, 0×00, 0×34, 0×28, 0×20 }
};
UUID LIBID_CHelloLib = { /* 2573F890-CFEE-101A-9A9F-00AA00342820 */
0×2573F890,
0xCFEE,
0×101A,
{ 0×9A, 0×9F, 0×00, 0xAA, 0×00, 0×34, 0×28, 0×20 }
};
#include <windows.h>
#include <ole2.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include “pshlo.h”
#include “shlo.hxx”
#include “clsid.h”
int _cdecl main(
int argc,
char * argv[]
) {
HRESULT hRslt;
IHello *pHello;
ULONG ulCnt;
IMoniker * pmk;
WCHAR wcsT[_MAX_PATH];
WCHAR wcsPath[2 * _MAX_PATH];
// get object path
wcsPath[0] = ‘\0′;
wcsT[0] = ‘\0′;
if( argc > 1) {
mbstowcs(wcsPath, argv[1], strlen(argv[1]) + 1);
wcsupr(wcsPath);
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, “Object path must be specified\n”);
return(1);
}
// get print string
if(argc > 2)
mbstowcs(wcsT, argv[2], strlen(argv[2]) + 1);
else
wcscpy(wcsT, L”Hello World”);
printf(“Linking to object %ws\n”, wcsPath);
printf(“Text String %ws\n”, wcsT);
// Initialize the OLE libraries
hRslt = CoInitializeEx(NULL, COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
if(SUCCEEDED(hRslt)) {
hRslt = CreateFileMoniker(wcsPath, &pmk);
if(SUCCEEDED(hRslt))
hRslt = BindMoniker(pmk, 0, IID_IHello, (void **)&pHello);
if(SUCCEEDED(hRslt)) {
// print a string out
pHello->PrintSz(wcsT);
Sleep(2000);
ulCnt = pHello->Release();
}
else
printf(“Failure to connect, status: %lx”, hRslt);
// Tell OLE we are going away.
CoUninitialize();
}
return(0);
}
——————————————————————————–
黑客初阶
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
$msg=”Hello, world.\n”;
if ($#ARGV >= 0) {
while(defined($arg=shift(@ARGV))) {
$outfilename = $arg;
open(FILE, “>” . $outfilename) || die “Can’t write $arg: $!\n”;
print (FILE $msg);
close(FILE) || die “Can’t close $arg: $!\n”;
}
} else {
print ($msg);
}
1;
——————————————————————————–
黑客有成
#include <stdio.h>
#define S “Hello, World\n”
main(){exit(printf(S) == strlen(S) ? 0 : 1);}
——————————————————————————–
黑客高手
% cc -o a.out ~/src/misc/hw/hw.c
% a.out
——————————————————————————–
黑客大虾
% cat
Hello, world.
^D
——————————————————————————–
初级经理
10 PRINT “HELLO WORLD”
20 END
——————————————————————————–
中级经理
mail -s “Hello, world.” bob@b12
Bob, could you please write me a program that prints “Hello, world.”?
I need it by tomorrow.
^D
——————————————————————————–
高级经理
% zmail jim
I need a “Hello, world.” program by this afternoon.
——————————————————————————–
首席执行官
% letter
letter: Command not found.
% mail
To: ^X ^F ^C
% help mail
help: Command not found.
% damn!
!: Event unrecognized
% logout
——————————————————————————–
IUnknown
IDL描述:
interface IUnknown
{
HRESULT QueryInterface([in]REFIID iid, [out]void** ppv);
ULONG AddRef(void);
ULONG Release(void);
}
构造函数、AddRef、Release的某种实现可能
class CUnknown : public IUnknown
{
public:
CUnknown();
~CUnknown();
virtual HRESULT QueryInterface(const IID& iid, void** ppv);
virtual ULONG AddRef();
virtual ULONG Release();
private:
int m_Ref;
};
CUnknown::CUnknown()
{
m_Ref = 0;
// 其它的初始化工作
}
ULONG CUnknown::AddRef()
{
m_Ref++;
return (ULONG)m_Ref;
}
ULONG CUnknown::Release()
{
m_Ref–;
if (m_Ref == 0)
{
delete this;
return 0;
}
return (ULONG)m_Ref;
}
接口查询
QueryInterface可用于获得对象所支持的任何一个接口指针。
HRESULT QueryInterface([in]REFIID iid, [out]void** ppv);
iid为查询接口的IID,ppv用来保存查询得到的接口指针。
返回值:
S_OK:查询成功完成。
E_NOINTERFACE:对象不支持要查询的接口。
E_UNEXPECTED:意外错误。
查询原则:
1、对于同一个对象的不同接口指针,查询得到的IUnknown接口必须完全相同。
2、对一个接口查询自身必须是成功的。
3、从第一个接口查询到第二个接口,则从第二个接口查询第一个接口应成功。
4、从第一个接口查询到第二个接口,从第二个接口查询到第三个接口,则一定能从第三个接口查询到第一个接口。
5、查询借口成功与否应该与时间无关。
QueryInterface的某种实现
HRESULT CMyObject::QueryInterface(const IID& iid, void** ppv)
{
if (iid == IID_IUnknown)
{
*ppv = (IMyInterface *)this;
((IMyInterface *)(*ppv))->AddRef();
}
else if (iid == IID_IMyInterface)
{
*ppv = (IMyInterface *)this;
((IMyInterface *)(*ppv))->AddRef();
}
else if (iid == IID_Another)
{
*ppv = (IAnother *)this;
((IAnother *)(*ppv))->AddRef();
}
else
{
*ppv = NULL;
return E_NOINTERFACE;
}
return S_OK;
}
MSDN的中文化,对中国的程序员来说无疑是一件好事。

接触过很多程序员——包括我自己——一致认为英文是编程的一道门槛。不懂英文则看不懂最新的技术,而懂英文的高手则没有时间去把这些东西译成中文。
一年多以来我都是一边看着英文资料,一边用金山词霸相助,咬牙地啃过一篇篇文章。对于翻译,我也只是关注经典的,翻译经典的。
扯远了,不过MSDN的中文化终归是一件大好事。
接口描述语言IDL
它可以用于定义COM接口,也可以描述自定义的数据结构。对于接口成员函数,可以指定每个参数的类型、输入输出特性,甚至可以支持可变长度数组的描述。例如:
interface IMyInterface
{
HRESULT func1();
HRESULT func2([in]string);
HRESULT func3([in]string, [out]string*);
};
VC中提供的工具MIDL可以将IDL接口描述文件(*.idl)编译成C/C++兼容的接口描述头文件(*.h)。
接口的内存模型
以IMyInterface为例,它的C++实现如下:
class IMyInterface
{
virtual HRESULT func1() = 0;
virtual HRESULT func2(string) = 0;
virtual HRESULT func3(string, string*) = 0;
};
相应的COM对象实现则为:
class CMyObject : public IMyInterface
{
public:
CMyObject();
~CMyObject();
virtual HRESULT func1();
virtual HRESULT func2(string);
virtual HRESULT func3(string, string*);
private:
// 其它的成员
};
此外,还需要实现一个创建COM对象实例的函数以将IMyInterface的接口指针和一个指向CMyObject对象的指针关联起来。这样在调用了该函数对接口指针初始化之后,就可以利用C++继承和多态的特性用借口来访问和操作这个COM对象了。